CPM-S90V made its debut in the early 2000s as an evolution of its predecessor, CPM-440V, which later became known as CPM-S60V. While CPM-440V was well-regarded for its high wear resistance, it also proved difficult to sharpen and was somewhat prone to chipping due to its high vanadium content. In response to these drawbacks, Crucible aimed to create a steel that could offer improved toughness without compromising the impressive wear resistance associated with high-vanadium steels.

To achieve this, Crucible increased the vanadium content in CPM-S90V to approximately 9.0%, which is significantly higher than most other high-performance steels on the market. Vanadium carbides are incredibly hard, contributing to the steel’s exceptional edge retention and abrasion resistance. The chromium content, at around 14.0%, provides substantial corrosion resistance, though not to the extent of more stainless-oriented steels like CPM-154 or S35VN. However, the balance between hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance made CPM-S90V a revolutionary choice for knife makers aiming for extreme cutting performance.

By utilizing the CPM process, Crucible managed to distribute vanadium carbides evenly throughout the steel’s matrix, enhancing its performance compared to conventionally produced steels. The fine grain structure resulted in better toughness than what could be expected from such a high-carbide volume, which contributed to CPM-S90V’s reputation as a “super steel.” Its hardness typically ranges from 58 to 61 HRC, although some heat treatments can push it even higher, depending on the desired application.

Knifemakers and manufacturers quickly recognized the potential of CPM-S90V for high-end folding knives, fixed blades, and specialty cutting tools. Its ability to hold an edge for prolonged periods, even under heavy use, made it a go-to material for premium knives aimed at collectors and users demanding the highest performance.

While CPM-S90V’s introduction to the market was initially met with enthusiasm, it was also noted for its difficulty in sharpening. The very feature that made it so appealing, its extreme wear resistance, also made it a challenge to work with using conventional sharpening methods. As a result, diamond sharpening systems became the preferred choice for maintaining CPM-S90V blades.

Over the years, CPM-S90V has remained a popular choice for high-end knives and continues to be used by leading manufacturers such as Benchmade, Jack Wolf Knives, and Spyderco. Its role in the knife industry has inspired the development of other high-vanadium, high-performance steels such as CPM-S110V, which offers even higher wear resistance at the cost of reduced toughness.

In recent years, CPM-S90V has established itself as a benchmark for edge retention and wear resistance. While its premium status and demanding manufacturing process mean it remains more expensive than other steels, its performance characteristics continue to justify its cost. It is especially favored for applications where cutting performance and edge longevity are of utmost importance.

As the knife industry continues to push the boundaries of steel technology, CPM-S90V remains a prime example of what can be achieved through advanced metallurgy. Its unique balance of properties has ensured its place in the market, and it remains a go-to choice for high-performance knives that require exceptional edge retention and durability.